黑白沖片配方和其安全資料
23 June, 2009
常聽說彩色的藥水很毒之類的言論，但到底有多毒則沒有人說得出來。所以，這邊先從黑白的配方開始做調查，看看實際情形是如何。
Metol 和 Hydroquinone : 用在黑白的有毒主劑
以下這一段是箔樵整理的相關黑白試劑毒化物的故事。
Metol跟Hydroquinone、另外還有Phenidone是傳統黑白底片顯影液最重要的三種主劑。特別是前兩者對於環境以及生物都有不好的影響。在現代的黑白底片系統剛成型時，由於當時法令並沒有環境顧慮問題，因此就延續到今天。
但是現今法令對於環境保護越來越趨重視，歐盟在幾年前明文規定不准用Hydroquinone之後，幾乎所有黑白顯影藥水都無法在歐洲使用。以最為普遍的D-76來說，就完全不能在市面上流通。
不過技術也在進步。Hydroquinone其實可以用Vitamine C代替，沒錯，就是一般我們在吃的維他命C。Metol可以用Phenidone代替。事實上Kodak為了對應歐盟的法令，開發了以Vitamine C為主劑的D-76代替顯影液：Xtol，這藥水現在在市面上可以容易買到粉劑。
在學校時聽寫真化學的老師說這些事，我們也實際用維他命C當作顯影主劑實驗過，其實結果相當不錯，不比Hydroquinone差。
其實只要對於鹵化銀有還原效過的藥劑都可以當作顯影主劑。老師說兒茶酚也可以，他曾經就用一般市面販賣的日本綠茶，就像一般要喝的沖泡，然後拿來顯影。除了還原速度較慢，需要較長時間，還有缺少其他保恆藥劑導致反差稍微不足之外，完成的底片絕對可以拿來作作品。這結果他也發表在2006年8月號的寫真工業雜誌上。
黑白配方
Kodak D-76 顯影劑 |
Water (125°F/52°C) ....................................... 750ml Metol ....................................... 2g Sodium sulfite (dessic) ....................................... 100g Hydroquinone ....................................... 5g Borax ....................................... 2g Cold water to make ....................................... 1000ml |
Stop solution 停影劑 |
acetic acid ....................................... 48ml Cold water to make ....................................... 1000ml |
Fixer 6a (Adams Version) |
Water (125°F/52°C) ....................................... 600ml Sodium thiosulfate (hypo) ....................................... 240g Sodium sulfite (dessic) ....................................... 15g Acetic acid (28%) ....................................... 48ml Sodium metaborate ....................................... 15g Potassium alum ....................................... 15g Cold water to make ....................................... 1000ml |
單海波定影液處方（出處：写真の科学、田中益男著、共立出版、1992） |
Water (125°F/52°C) ....................................... 600ml Sodium thiosulfate (hypo) ....................................... 240g Sodium metaborate ....................................... 15g Cold water to make ....................................... 1000ml |
調查結果摘要
從已知的配方調查所有的試劑，其中 Metol 和 Hydroquinone 非常毒，在操作使用此二試劑時最好要在抽風櫃下操作或通風良好的情況下操作，而且一定要戴手套。這兩種試劑都是用在顯影配方，所以在廢液的處理上要小心處理。此二藥劑都對水生物環境有著極大的破壞，請勿任意抛棄。
物質安全資料
p-METHYLAMINOPHENOL SULFATE (METOL)
SAF-T-DATA(tm) Ratings (Provided here for your convenience)
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Health Rating: 2 - Moderate (Life)
Flammability Rating: 1 - Slight
Reactivity Rating: 1 - Slight
Contact Rating: 3 - Severe (Life)
Lab Protective Equip: GOGGLES & SHIELD; LAB COAT & APRON; VENT HOOD; PROPER GLOVES
Storage Color Code: Green (General Storage)
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Toxicology
Toxic. Harmful by ingestion and if inhaled or absorbed through the skin. Danger of serious long-term effects by repeated subacute exposure. Possible sensitizer.
Toxicity data
(The meaning of any abbreviations which appear in this section is given here.)
ORL-RAT LD50 200 mg kg-1
ORL-MUS LD50 565 mg kg-1
ORL-HMN LDLO 50 mg kg-1
IPR-RAT LDLO 50 mg kg-1
Risk phrases
(The meaning of any risk phrases which appear in this section is given here.)
R23 Toxic by inhalation.
R24 Toxic in contact with skin.
R25 Toxic if swallowed.
R36 Irritating to eyes.
R37 Irritating to respiratory system.
R38 Irritating to skin.
R43 May cause sensitization by skin contact.
R48 Danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure.
R50 Very toxic to aquatic organisms.
R53 May cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.
Hydroquinone
SAF-T-DATA(tm) Ratings (Provided here for your convenience)
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Health Rating: 2 - Moderate (Poison)
Flammability Rating: 1 - Slight
Reactivity Rating: 1 - Slight
Contact Rating: 3 - Severe (Life)
Lab Protective Equip: GOGGLES & SHIELD; LAB COAT & APRON; VENT HOOD; PROPER GLOVES
Storage Color Code: Blue (Health)
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Toxicology
Possible carcinogen. Severe skin irritant; allergen. Harmful by inhalation and ingestion. May cause sensitization. Eye and respiratory irritant.
Toxicity data
(The meaning of any abbreviations which appear in this section is given here.)
ORL-HMN LDLO 29 mg kg-1
ORL-RAT LD50 320 mg kg-1
ORL-DOG LD50 200 mg kg-1
IPR-RBT LD50 125 mg kg-1
SKN-MAM LD50 5970 mg kg-1
SCU-RAT LD50 300 mg kg-1
Risk phrases
(The meaning of any risk phrases which appear in this section is given here.)
R20 Harmful by inhalation.
R22 Harmful if swallowed.
R50 Very toxic to aquatic organisms.
R53 May cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.
Sodium thiosulfate
SAF-T-DATA(tm) Ratings (Provided here for your convenience)
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Health Rating: 1 - Slight
Flammability Rating: 0 - None
Reactivity Rating: 1 - Slight
Contact Rating: 1 - Slight
Lab Protective Equip: GOGGLES; LAB COAT; PROPER GLOVES
Storage Color Code: Green (General Storage)
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POTASSIUM ALUM {aluminum potassium sulfate dodecahydrate}
SAF-T-DATA(tm) Ratings (Provided here for your convenience)
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Health Rating: 2 - Moderate
Flammability Rating: 0 - None
Reactivity Rating: 1 - Slight
Contact Rating: 2 - Moderate
Lab Protective Equip: GOGGLES; LAB COAT; VENT HOOD; PROPER GLOVES
Storage Color Code: Green (General Storage)
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SODIUM SULFITE
SAF-T-DATA(tm) Ratings (Provided here for your convenience)
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Health Rating: 2 - Moderate (Life)
Flammability Rating: 0 - None
Reactivity Rating: 1 - Slight
Contact Rating: 2 - Moderate
Lab Protective Equip: GOGGLES; LAB COAT; VENT HOOD; PROPER GLOVES
Storage Color Code: Green (General Storage)
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Acetic Acid
SAF-T-DATA(tm) Ratings (Provided here for your convenience)
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Health Rating: 3 - Severe (Poison)
Flammability Rating: 2 - Moderate
Reactivity Rating: 2 - Moderate
Contact Rating: 4 - Extreme (Corrosive)
Lab Protective Equip: GOGGLES & SHIELD; LAB COAT & APRON; VENT HOOD; PROPER GLOVES; CLASS B EXTINGUISHER
Storage Color Code: Red (Flammable)
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